Essay --

The image of maleness was dominant throughout World fight One. War was seen as the ultimate test of manhood. War and masculinity were alike war was the ultimate defender of masculinity. This essay examines masculinity through the social, economic and personal changes men experienced in the 1920s to show the ways in which changes to former codes of masculinity were precipitated by war. An extensive amount of research has already been conducted on the issue of masculinity and the cumulative tendency of the scholarship has been to highlight the redefinition of masculinity. Joanna Bourke has make a significant contribution to the study of men and World War One by approaching the interaction between masculinity and World War One through the corporeal body. Similarly, Eric Leeds 1979 study of combat and identity in wartime presents the estimation that mens experience of the war was dehumanising. Jessica Meyer uses a grand amount of personal narratives to explore British servicemens r elation to the war. Along with these general contributions of masculinity, there have also been more focused studies. For example, Ina Zweinger-Bargielowska looks at the idea of masculinity through the focus of the construction of the British superman in which she relates masculinity to physical culture. In order to show that masculinity was the chief chance of the war the first section will analyse the changes in social relations to show there was a sexual practice war as masculinity was greatly affected by the reversal of gender roles. I will then show how masculinity was economically affected through an examination of unemployment masking the challenge to male identities, especially for disabled men. The third section will move to explore the pressures o... ...ude, this essay has shown that masculinity was the chief casualty of the war. Exploring the social, economic and physical changes men experienced it has become clear that war had the power to make women visible and dest abilise masculinity. Men encountered several anxieties centring on the social turmoil that gender roles irreparably distorted. It has become clear that the economic breakdown men faced as a result of their loss of breadwinner status exacerbated the loss of masculinity. Similarly, through an compendium of the physical culture men were involved in during the 1920s it has become clear that masculinity was severely damaged by the war, so much so that men were required to take part in physical activities to achieve a body beautiful image which now came to represent masculinity. Ultimately atomic number 53 cannot deny that masculinity was the chief casualty of the war.

Morality Essay examples -- essays research papers

Morality is a hard term to define and decipher because there ar so many things that have to be taken into account. If you line up a group of ten people and bring up a morals issue, you will mostly likely get different answers. People all over the world have many different beliefs and are raised to baulk by those beliefs. Abortion is one of the hot topics in our country and a big moral issue. There are people who believe abortion is execution of instrument and completely, morally wrong. Then there are other people who believe that it isnt wrong and it isnt murder. Which one of these groups of people is right? Neither. The definition of holiness is descriptively to refer to a code of conduct put forward by a society, or some other group, such as a religion or accepted by an individual for their own behavior. Neither of the beliefs about abortion are right or wrong because morality is a code of conduct and no one person can be told to believe in that conduct. Religion also plays a big role in morals and by living in the United States everyone has the right to freedom of religion. But then there are also people who do non believe in religion. We, as citizens of the United States have the right to believe what we want, have our own morals and defend those morals and beliefs. Abortion, stem cell search and cloning are examples of moral issues that are scientific and human beings control them. Whatever your belief on any of those afore mentioned topics, they c...

Understanding Tay-Sachs Disease Essay -- Human Diseases, Genetic Diso

IntroductionWhen presented with this assignment, Tay-Sachs illness was one of the first choices that came to mind since it is one of many diseases associated with Ashkenazi Jews (Jews of Eastern European descent). Tay-Sachs is a deucedly heritable disease caused by the absence or mutation of Hex- A, an enzyme that breaks down complex fats called gangliosides found in nervous tissue. Without Hex- A, there is a buildup of gangliosides in the cells of the brain, make major damage to the cells (Learning About Tay-Sachs Disease). Tay-Sachs is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder, which means that both parents must be a carrier of the diseased allele for the children to be at risk. The interesting thing about autosomal recessive disease allele is that they are hidden by the functionally normal allele and therefore can remain hidden for generations. Only when the couple has the same recessive disease allele there is a twenty-five percent chance that the disorder will appear in the chi ld (Teichler-Zallen 162-163). Though there are three existing forms of Tay-Sachs disease (Classic (Infantile), Juvenile, and Late Onset Tay-Sachs), this paper will focus on the most common form, Classic (Infantile) Tay-Sachs. General symptoms for all three forms include loss of go skills, muscular weakness, and respiratory decline (Tay-Sachs Disease). This paper will give the reader insight into the history as well as a more than detailed description of the symptoms, diagnosis, and prevalence of the disease.HistoryIn the early 1880s, three partially blind infants were brought to a clinic in London supervised by an oculist named Warren Tay. All three infants had the same symptoms they were unable to turn over or sit up and they were unab... ...e.gov/10001220. Goldberg, Carey. First Human Gene Therapy Trial mean For Deadly Tay-Sachs Disease CommonHealth. CommonHealth Reform And Reality. 11 Nov. 2011. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. . Tay-Sachs Disease CCJGD. Chicago Center for Jewish Genet ic Disorders CCJGD. Web. 16 Nov. 2011. . Tay-Sachs Disease. NTSAD. depicted object Tay-Sachs & Allied Diseases. Web. 16 Nov. 2011. . Teichler-Zallen, Doris. To Test or Not to Test a Guide to Genetic Screening and Risk. New Brunswick, NJ Rutgers UP, 2008. 162-63. Print. WHO Genes and Human Disease. Genomic election Centre. World Health Organization. Web. 16 Nov. 2011. .

Al capone Essay -- essays papers

Al caponeThere have been a lot of things written and said about Al Capone in newspapers and magazine articles, books, and movies that is completely untrue. One of the most common fictions is that like galore(postnominal) gangsters of that era, he was born in Italy. Absolutely not true. This amazing criminal was rigorously domestic, victorious the Italian criminal society and fashioning it into a modern American criminal enterprise.Certainly many Italian immigrants, like immigrants of all nationalities, a great deal came to the New World with very few assets. Many of these immigrants were peasants trying to escape the lack of opportunity in Italy. When they came to the American port cities they often ended up as laborers because of the inability to speak and write English and their lack of professional skills. This was not the case with the family of Al Capone.Gabriele Capone was one of 43,000 Italians who arrived in the U.S. in 1893, from Naples, Italy. He was a barber by tr ade and could read and write his native language. Gabriele, who was thirty years old, brought with him his pregnant twenty-seven-year-old wife Teresina, his two-year-old son Vincenzo and his infant son Raffaele. Unlike many Italian immigrants he did not owe anyone for his passage over. His plan was to do whatever work was necessary until he could open his own barbershop. Along with thousands of other(a) Italians, the Capone family moved to Brooklyn near the Brooklyn Navy Yard. Gabrieles ability to read and write allowed him to get a job in a grocery store until he was adapted to open his barbershop. Her fourth son and the first to be born and conceived in the New World was born January 17, 1899. His name was Alphonse, also known as Al. Al came from a large family and was the fourth oldest of nine children. As a child, Capone was very wise when it came to living on the streets of New York. He had a clever listen when it came to street smarts. As far as school goes, Al was nea r illiterate. Education was not a top priority for immigrants. At the age of five dollar bill in 1904, he went to Public School 7 on Adams Street. The school system was deeply prejudiced against them and did little to encourage any interest in higher education, while the immigrant parents expected their children to leave school as soon as they were old enough to work. At about the age of eleven Capone became a member of a juveni... ... was released to the care of his family. For his remaining years, Al slowly deteriorated in the quiet splendor of his Palm Island palace. Mae stuck by him until January 25, 1947 when he had a massive idea hemorrhage and died. His body was removed from his estate in Florida and transferred back to the seen of his underworld triumph, Chicago. The family held a private ceremony at the cemetery, but were afraid of grave robbers taking the body so they reburied Capone in a secret place in Mt. Carmel Cemetery. In his forty-eight years, Capone had l eft his mark on the rackets and on Chicago, and more than anyone else he had demonstrated the stupidity of Prohibition in the process he also made a fortune. Beyond that, he captured and held the imagination of the American public as few public figures ever do. Capones fame should have been a passing sensation, but instead it stuck permanently in the consciousness of Americans. He redefined the concept of crime into an unionized venture modeled on corporate business. As he was at pains to point out, many of his crimes were relative bootlegging was only criminal because a certain set of laws decreed it, and then the laws were changed.

Copyrights in the Music Industry Essay -- Intellectual Property, Copyr

Is important for anyone who has created any intellectual property to foster it. In the music industry, in order for close toone to protect their work, they must obtain a copyright. Music has been around before anyone could obtain a copyright and when the invention of the computer came along it made it easier for someone to skid another artists intellectual property with the help of the internet. This paper will cover what events have taken a big role in copyright trade protection for artist, the consequences if someone was to break the rules of a copyright which is called copyright infringement, and how will a copyright hold in the future. Were copyrights enacted without the thought of life changing technology, and how can some music companies surpass copyright infringement and make a profit from the artist? Can a copyright really make that much of a difference in the world we know today?Intellectual Property and CopyrightsIntellectual property is property resulting from intellec tual, creative processes. A product that was created because of someones individual thought process. Examples includes books, designs, music, art work, and computer files. (Miller R. J., 2011, p. 114) In the music industry a copyright is an important tool for artist to use to protect themselves from infringers. A copyright is the exclusive right of an author or originator of a literary or artistic production to publish, print, or sell that production for a statutory period of time. A copyright has the same monopolistic nature as a patent or trademark, but it differs in that it applies exclusively to working of art, literature, and other works of authorship (including computer programs). (Miller R. J., 2011, p. 125) How can someone obtain a copyright? To ob... ...en the biggest hurdles the music industry has overcome. Thanks to iTunes and Google Music show labels and artist can reach almost anyone in the world with their music and know that their work wont be infringed upon. In th e next 5 years copyrights will still have the respect it has today. As technology moves along copyrights will be right behind it revising the rules and regulations to make authoritative that an artist intellectual property is safe and that the artist or label can receive compensatory damages for copyright infringement. Works CitedA&M Records, Inc. v. Napster Inc., 239 f.3d 1004 (U.S. hook of Appeals For The 9th Circuit 2 12, 2001).Copyright Law of the United States of America. (2013). Retrieved from Copyright United States Copyright Office.Miller, R. J. (2011). Business Law Today Comprehensive. Mason South-Western Cengage Learning.

Copyrights in the Music Industry Essay -- Intellectual Property, Copyr

Is important for anyone who has created any intellectual property to protect it. In the practice of medicine industry, in order for someone to protect their work, they must obtain a secure. Music has been around before anyone could obtain a copy responsibility and when the invention of the ready reckoner came along it made it easier for someone to steal another artists intellectual property with the help of the internet. This paper will cover what events have taken a magnanimous role in secure protection for artist, the consequences if someone was to break the rules of a copyright which is called copyright infringement, and how will a copyright hold in the future. Were copyrights enacted without the mind of life changing technology, and how can some medicine companies surpass copyright infringement and make a profit from the artist? Can a copyright really make that much of a difference in the world we know today?Intellectual Property and CopyrightsIntellectual property is prope rty resulting from intellectual, seminal processes. A product that was created because of someones individual thought process. Examples includes books, designs, music, art work, and computer files. (Miller R. J., 2011, p. 114) In the music industry a copyright is an important shit for artist to use to protect themselves from infringers. A copyright is the exclusive right of an author or originator of a literary or artistic intersection to publish, print, or sell that production for a statutory period of time. A copyright has the same monopolistic nature as a patent or trademark, but it differs in that it applies exclusively to works of art, literature, and other works of authorship (including computer programs). (Miller R. J., 2011, p. 125) How can someone obtain a copyright? To ob... ...en the biggest hurdles the music industry has overcome. Thanks to iTunes and Google Music record labels and artist can reach almost anyone in the world with their music and know that their work wont be infringed upon. In the next five years copyrights will still have the respect it has today. As technology moves along copyrights will be right behind it revising the rules and regulations to make sure that an artist intellectual property is safe and that the artist or label can receive compensatory damages for copyright infringement. Works CitedA&M Records, Inc. v. Napster Inc., 239 f.3d 1004 (U.S. Court of Appeals For The 9th Circuit 2 12, 2001).Copyright Law of the United States of America. (2013). Retrieved from Copyright United States Copyright Office.Miller, R. J. (2011). Business Law today Comprehensive. Mason South-Western Cengage Learning.

National Territory

This experience Is part of my most memorable happenings In my life. Meeting other people In an unexpected conviction and place. enquire their piece of trust and time to asks some questions Is such a thrilling and a little bit awkward experience but honestly I rightfully enjoy this actively with my classmates. By the way, the man that Im with In the picture is Mr.. Abraham. He is a tourist here in the Philippine.He is a designer, 24 time old, living in united Arab Emirates. He was with his family at that time I conduct an interview with him. He is a nice and approachable person. Honestly the time I approached him, He was wearing shades and during our interview he take off his shade and I was really captured in his pleasing eyes. He is really handsome with a good tone of voice. Hes religion is Muslim. I excessively like his sense of humor because, He didnt tell me first his true age but when IM going to write the first age that he said, e stopped me and asking me am I really look like 21 years old? And I say yes you do look younger than 21 and he really laughed about it. Another is that I share also that my mother was also converted into Muslim and he asked me and tapped my back while he Is laughing at me, If I have also a plans to be converted into Muslim but I answered No.

Aztecs, Incas, and Toltecs

The Americas on the Eve of Invasion I. Introduction A. By 1500, Americas densely populated by Indians misnomer Columbus/Indies 1. marge has meaning only when used to apply to non-Indians B. Mesoamerica and Andean heartland 1. Imperial states in place when Europe arrives 2. Few aras influenced by two main centers 3. Areas that developed independently II. Postclassic Mesoamerica A. Introduction 1. Toltecs/Aztecs replace Mayas of 8th century CE a. By 15th century Aztecs created extensive empire war, religion, agrarian 2. Downfall of Mayans Teotihuacan a. Nomads from North come tear . Toltec Culture 968 established capital Tula 1. Sedentary/agrarian peoples with militaristic ethic 2. Cult of sacrifice/war 3. Aztecs saw Toltecs as givers of civilizationB. The Toltec Heritage 1. drawing card Topilitzin followed Quetzalcoatl plumed serpent 2. Empire spread over much of primordial Mexico 3. 1000 Conquered Chichen Itza Mayans under control of Toltecs 4. Toltec influence northward a. Trade turquoise with American southwest b. How far to Mississippi/Ohio debatable evidence 1. Stepped temples Monks Mound 2. Ritual sacrifice 3. pottery 4. Social stratification . Large city Cahokia could wish 30,000 people C. The Aztec Rise to Power eagle with serpent on cactus 1. Geography aquatic environ handst chinampas a. Aztecs/Mexicas won control of lake b. Nomadic tribes or agri furyural burnish 2. Political structure centralized city with tributary city-states 3. Military tough warriors/fanatic followers of religion 4. 1428 emerged as independent power D. The Aztec Social rent 1. Subject peoples a. Pay tribute, surrender lands, military service b. King civil power/god on earth 2. Stratified society a. Histories rewritten 3.Human sacrifice cult of military class supplying war captives as sacrifices E. Religion and the Ideology of Conquest 1. Incorporated features from past Mesoamerican religions a. Little distinction between valet of gods and natural world b. Deities fire, rain, water, corn, sky, sun pantheon 1. Gods of fertility/agriculture 2. Creator deities 3. Warfare and sacrifice c. Fe young-begetting(prenominal) form for all gods 2. Yearly festivals/ceremonies a. Expansive calendar 3. throw to energize the sun god needed nourishment of human blood a. Types and frequency/degree changed with Aztecs borrowed from Toltec . religious conviction vs. political control 4. Religious questions after lifetime, devout life, do gods exist 5. Art has flowers/birds/song and blood F. Tenochtitlan The Foundation of Heaven 1. Metropois central zone of palaces/whitewashed temples 2. Adobe brick residential districts 3. Larger houses for nobility 4. Zoos, gardens for force 5. Geographically connected to island by four causeways 6. Calpulli ruled neighborhoods G. Feeding the People The Economy of the Empire 1. Mass population needed to be fed a. tribute b. Irrigated agriculture chinampas floating islands 1. 20,000 acres 2.High crop yiel ds 4 times a year corn/maize 2. Trade a. Regular intervals to market b. Barter or cacao beans/gold for currency c. Pochteca long distance trade 3. State controlled distribution of tribute a. Primarily redistributed to nobility III. Aztec Society in rebirth A. Widening Social Gulf 1. Life based on calpulli (neighborhood) groups a. Governed by council of family heads 2. Nobility came from heads of calpullis 3. Military leading based on success in winning captives a. Ritual warfare uniforms 4. As society grew, widening tender disparity no longer egalitarian (hmmmwhere have I seen this pattern before? a. Scribes, artisans, healers between peasants and nobility 5. Butcompetition not between social classes, but between corporate groups B. Overcoming Technological Constraints 1. Role of women relatively equal, but subordinate to men a. Peasant women fields, child-rearing b. Revered as weavers c. Polygamy among nobility, monogamy among poor d. Could inherit property 2. Limits of technology a. Women six hours a day grinding corn/maize 1. Couldnt be freed from 30-40 hours of preparing food 3. Controlled vast number of people amazingly 1. 5 million to 25 million C.A Tribute Empire 1. Most power in hands of Aztec ruler and chief advisor a. elected from best siblings of royal family 2. As time passed, ritual sacrifice/military dominated all elements of life 3. City-states as long as they made tribute they could have autonomy 4. Weaknesses a. Rise of nobles altered dynamics b. Society based on system of consternation 5. By 1500, Aztec society was in the down, military period height far earlier IV. Twantinsuyu World of the Incas A. Inca Empire Twantinsuyu highly centralized 1. Integrated various heathenish groups 2. Irrigated agriculture 3.Incorporated elements of previous civilizations agriculture/religion/metallurgy 4. Introduction a. Genius for state organization/bureaucratic control b. When central authority broke down, regional leaders alikek over i. war between rival chiefdoms B. The Inca Rise to Power 1. Inca ruler military alliances and campaigns to take over 2. Subsequent rulers with names youll never remember grow and consolidated land a. Between 9 and 13 million people under rule C. Conquest and Religion 1. Reason for conquest a. economic evolve b. political power 2. religion cult of ancestors a. deceased rulers mummified . split inheritance a. leaders power goes to successor b. leaders property goes to male family 4. political and social life related to religion a. holy shrines stones, mountains, rivers, caves, tombs huacas 1. Prayers/human sacrifices b. Temple of the Sun center of state religion D. The Techniques of Inca Imperial Rule 1. Leader/inca considered a god 2. Court also temple 3. Four provinces ruled by governor, power then divided further a. Local rulers could remain self-directed if they were loyal 4. All nobles played role in state bureaucracy a. Nobles gained privileges, had a lot to lose b.Could wear large ear spools orejones gee thank 5. Spread language unified 6. System of roads with way stations tambos one day apart 7. For labor, people benefited from large, expensive work projects only central govt can provide a. State-sponsored irrigation made cultivation possible 8. Instead of tribute, they wanted labor 9. Relation between men and wome a. Needed to stay belt up b. Women link to the moon 10. Downfall a. Marriage alliances created rivals for the throne ahhhthat whole succession problem rears its ugly head E. Inca Cultural Achievements 1. Art built on styles of antecedent peoples . Metallurgy gold/silver/bronze, copper b. Pottery/cloth 2. ButNo system of writingNo wheel 2. Math a. Knotted strings quipo to believe 3. Infrastructure greatest achievement a. land/water management b. extensive road systems c. Architecture and public buildings d. Terraced farming on steep slopes F. Comparing Incas and Aztecs aka if you occlude everything else, remember this 1. B ut first, before we get startedlook at the quarrel used in this section a. No reallylook at the words used b. They start with words like although, or both c. Its just beautiful how the reader can make connections . In fact, my eyes are filling a little misty a. This is one of the best Comparative Analysis Essays Ive ever seen in your Stearns book, and after 14 chapters of taking notes, Im starting to i. feel like Stearns is like a brother, an older brother, but a brother ii. butI digresslets get back to it 3. Similarities a. Represented military and imperial organization success b. Controlled circulation of goods c. Agricultural based with a food surplus d. Nobles became more(prenominal) important than topical anaesthetic leaders e. Allowed for diversity as long as authority f. Empires acquired by conquest of sedentary peoples . Belief systems, cosmology similar roots h. Both couldnt survive shock of conquest i. Your book says they do survive the conquest, but I beg to differ, th ey were split up into small little regions ii. But, I allow accept that they carried on the culture 4. However We cannot overlook the great DIFFERENCES a. Aztecs have better trade and markets b. First, in that location quite similar, variations of same system c. Metallurgy, writing systems, power structure i. Ummmbookcould you give us some specifics d. Overallthis section does a horrible job discussing disparitys V. Other Indians A.How to differentiate based on degree of social order/material culture/political structure 1. Diversity based on geographical factors 2. Not all agriculture based B. How many Indians? 1. If you guessed 14,375,421, you were defile 2. Between 8. 4 million and 112 million Gee thanksthats real close i. Numbers changed due to a. Understanding of impact of disease b. archaeologic studies c. improved estimates of agricultural techniques 3. Europe about the same size as the Americas population wise C. Differing Cultural Patterns 1. Basicallyits hard to say there is just one type of Indian . Some hunted, some gathered, some farmed, some did a mixture ii. Some had huge class divisions, some were more egalitarian iii. Most lived in small kin-ship based groups 2. North America extremely diverse i. Some lived in cliffs, towns or teepees ii. Agricultural unless farming too tough, then hunter gatherers 3. Similar to Europe/Asia i. Kin based societies ii. Communal owning of property iii. Women subordinate, but some had high positions 4. Part of ecological system, not arrogant it You think you own whatever land you land onearth is just a dead thing you can claim, but I tell apartD. American Indian Diversity in World Context 1. Paradox wealthy/accomplished civilizations, but primitive to Europe 2. Buthow much is the difference based on lack of i. wheel ii. large pack animals iii. metal tools iv. written language 3. They developed, just differently E. Global Connections 1. Isolation prevented diffusion of ideas its not bad, just the reality 2. Lacks world religions, large domesticated animals (yesthey had guinea pigs) 3. Not immune to diseases 4. Lacked ironworking F. Im tired, and Im going to fundament

Church management Essay

AbstractMy proposal is to provide you with an incorporate Parish perplexity base which will synchronize alone direction processes including attendance re ingredients, church service activities records , fiscal records, membership personal data and so on The need for a customized Integrated Parish do itment Solution for the Church croupenot be over emphasized because the contributeant will be tailored in solving your churchs unique needs. The Integrated Solution would deliver a single database containing data for the divergent softw are modules to be developed. The modules that would be developed are Financial Module-Manage Donations, Search immediate payment Expenses, Manage Offering Types, etc. Church Activity Module-Would provide the functionality of Searching Past Activities, recent Church Activity, Testimonies, New testimony, Manage Activity Types etc. social station and People solicitude Module Would provide the functionality of Searching for Parish members , new members, constituentship by Type, New Converts, Search for First-Timers, etc. Groups and Department Module Would Manage Groups, Manage Departments Activities, etc.Report Module-would give Attendance report, Financial Report, Membership Detail Report,etc. We are aware that your congregation members are your most worth(predicate) assets and aim to ensure that you are able to provide them with that personal and intimate interest required for deep commitment and loyalty on the part of the parishioners. Our solution aims to aid the church in the following areasMembership Personal Information ManagementChurch performance analysis and ReportingEasy Access to alone Information about Every IndividualReducing Membership OutflowBuilding Enduring Personal relationship with the Members Solve either Record safekeeping IssuesManage All Financial RecordsVisual and Graphical Illustration of the Church Performance Per Time High Security and Back Up Strategy efficacious Follow-up ashes for new Converts and First -timers We propose to deploy a robust Integrated Church management Solution.This solution will focus to begin with on integrating all key Church management processes and will result in ultimate member satisfaction with your services by providing a fast and efficient membership follow-up strategy. This is why our Integrated Parish Management Solution is designed to assist you to effectively harness information about your Members, Ministers, actors, all Department and Group in the church, and other resources which should translate to betterBackgroundToday, even with the digital transformation that the world is undergoing, numerous churches still use manual of arms record keeping systems. Every record starting with members details all the way to the very delicate financial details are unbroken manually. A case study conducted at Kingongo PCEA parish at Nyeri prove that churches are still in the analogue world despite the pursuit of the name to the digital hei ghts. The church is an ever growing entity. More multitude are converted and more children are born into Christian homes. Gone are the eld when pastors, shepherds, priests, bishops and the likes knew each and every member of his church personally.Churches are nolonger just fellowships, degrees are offered, accounts are kept, people are wedded and the welfare of members is attended to. Imagine what a professional football team would be like without a regimen of practice drills? Now arrest away their playbook and player statistics. What you nonplus in this extreme scenario are highly talented (and perhaps overpaid) individuals participating in organized chaos. They might actually win a game or two, but in the long run, this team is doomed. This illustration is to drive home the point of why every organization needs to examine the existence and effectiveness of its management systems. The world is becoming Information and technologically based.For this reason, Management carcasss subscribe to been introduced into variant industries ranging from the educational to the health sector and even into agriculture amongst other things. A management Information System is a system to convert data from internal and external sources into information, in an appropriate form, to management at all levels in all functions to enable them to make timely and effective decisions for planning, directing and controlling the activities for which they are response. The Church is not excluded from these industries.The Church Management and Information System is a system for churches to manage their operations efficiently and systematically (Wikipedia, 2012). It is also a specialized software that assists churches in organization and automation of daily operations. Current SystemKingongo PCEA uses a fully manual system of keeping all its records. Financial records, which need a lot of transparency and accountability, are kept in hand written documents. A lot of transactions involv ing money are carried out by the parish. For instance, managing donations from church members and well-wishers, managing offers and tithes by members, peeping and managing cash expenses by the church etc. All the financial details are kept manually which is cumbersome and prone to mistakes. Flaws whoremaster easily occur with this system making it not legitimate ad calling for a remedy. The church also needs to keep track of activities that take place in the church every day.For instance, searching past activities by the parish, newly integrated church activities, testimonies, new testimonies, managing activity types etc. Other things also need record keeping like managing people and the issue of membership to the church. In this case, records fornew members, new converts, First-timers etc. need to be kept. With the existing system, searching the records is cumbersome and time-consuming. Records of groups and part relating to the church ought to be maintained for the attain of the church.Department activities need to be properly recorded and up timed accordingly and retrieved as per the church management needs. Retrieval of these records is hard since they are kept in files in written documents. Retrieving a record involves perusing through with(predicate) a huge number of files. A lot of time is wasted retrieving manual records. Reports need to be kept and retrieved as per the needs of church managers. For instance, attendance reports for church members, financial reports after a certain amount of time, membership details report etc. Reports for the existing system involves going through relevant records manually and coming up with the required reports. This is cumbersome and time-wasting. Proposed systemA software system is proposed to transpose the manual system for keeping records. A financial module is used to automate financial record keeping and retrieval. A database is used to store financial details of the parish. An interface is provided for interacting with the database whereby a drug user tummy write into the database and they earth-closet query the database as per their needs. Financial data keeping is made easy through this software solution and also searching of financial details made even more easier through the proposed software.Through an Activity module, daily activities in the church are stored in a database which is updated to embrace new activities. A platform for communicating to the database is offered where the user(authorized) interacts with the database(writes into the database and queries the database).With the new system, activities in the church are recorded in database tables and can always be retrieved with their respective dates via queries. A lot of valuable time is saved through the new system. Departments are automated using a department module.This module offers an interface for entering details of interest into the database. Since departmental details are of prime importance in as far as t he church is concerned, proper details relating to the Parish ought to be kept and retrieved with ease. The user searches records relating to a department of interest with a lot of ease through the interface provided by the departments module.The ineptness with the manual system would thus be alleviated by the proposed software solution. Report generation with the proposed system is automated (made alarmingly easy)through the Report module .This is make through integrating database SQL capabilities into the software. Financial reports, activity reports etc. can be generated through simply pressing a button which will give prompts to the user on the reports they want.The tire and the boredom associated with perusing through records to draw a report are completely eradicated through the proposed software solution. The various modules defined with different functionalities are integrated to form a harmoniously and effectively working software to attend the manual problem of keeping Pa rish records.Problem statement memory records manually is utterly cumbersome since it involves handwriting or typing every detail of interest. Handling physical records is cumbersome since fund space is necessitate and they can be affected by natural circumstances such as pests and unfavorable environment. Additionally, compiling reports for physical(manual)records is not an easy task since it involves walking through all records and drawing information of interest.A lot of personnel is needed to keep records for the different church departments and maintain them and this comes with higher(prenominal) costs due to wages for the record keepers. Kingongo PCEA Parish is one of the victims of the above mentioned problems which the proposed system wishes to provide a remedy for.ScopeThe resulting Integrated Parish Management Solution will be in English and will include subsystems and functionality to support the following FINANCIAL MODULEThe Financial Module comes with the right tools to aid in the church in management of the following Contributions and DonationsOfferings and tithesCash Expense and lotsDonations management is a key area in this module as individual donations by members and linked to the major donations which help to answer questionslike (How much has being released from a particular donation announcement)The offering management allows the church to record any kind of offering type, thus not restricting you to any form of predefined structure. GROUPS AND DEPARTMENT MANAGEMENT MODULEGrouping system encourages the participation of members in the church, church+ takes special care in the implementation of grouping, the system comes with a flexible system for any form of group to be created by the users and members added to groups. Members of a given group can be managed from this module.CHURCH ACTIVITY MANAGEMENT MODULEActivities in the church provide a building block to almost all the other parts of the church and as such should be well structured and data emerging from it effectively managed. The church activity module provides you with the tools to enable you to manage the various diverse data about church activities, it is built in such a way as to be flexible to accommodate different needed of different churches. MEMBERSHIP MANAGEMENT MODULEThis module helps to manage the various information of member of the church. This feature is so flexible and you can work on it according to your specific needs and requirement. Under this module, we have all the personal data of each member. You can search for PeopleAdd new Member/First-Timer. When you add new member, all the data about that particular member is captured View Members by Types it helps to sort members by types e.g. are they full member? Worker? Minister? Etc. New converts all new converts are captured here.SECURITYIntegrated parish Management Solution will be well integrated, meaning that changes in a module would automatically update another related module. High level authentication will be needed to log into the Integrated Parish Management Solution. Passwords are encrypted, such that it is practically impossible to gain admission fee to someones password. Role Management is alsoimplemented making your church users have different access levels, hence making users see only what they are supposed to see.BACK-UPSThe importance of creating a backup can never be emphasized enough. The parishs IT department will be responsible for implementing routines for regular backup of organizations data. In the event of a possible system crash, it will be time -consuming and difficult to reconstruct the database. For frequent program use I thus root on that backups are taken daily.Storing backupsBackups can be taken to the hard-drive, a shared folder in the network or to external media such as USB pen drives, Zip drives or similar. I recommend that you store at least one complete backup separate from the computer in case of disaster. Provision for external ha rd drive storage has been integrated in the financials.JustificationA software solution for the named problem would be very appropriate compared to the existing system. The following reasons justify the need for the software solution The tire associated with making records manually and maintaining them would be alleviated. The Integrated Parish Management Solution would offer a lot of ease in recording any details of interest. The software would offer an excellent interface to interact with the Parish database (entering new details and updating existing details to ensure integrity). As a result of the ease of recording and updating data, the problem of tire associated with data maintenance would be eradicated by the proposed Integrated Parish Management solution.Parish personnel cost would go mound as a result of implementation of the Proposed Integrated Parish Management Software. With the old system, a lot of personnel is required to keep and maintain Parish records which culmina tes in higher Parish running costs. The Proposed system would call for reduced personnel due to the resulting ease in keeping and maintain Parish records and consequently, the running costs of the parish would significantly reduce.Accurate and reliable financial records would be kept using the proposed system through the financial module which would provide security to financial details and only allow access only by authorized individuals. This would promote some level of transparency and accountability in the handling of Parish finances compared to the existing manual system which can be easily tampered with. For instance, with the manual system documents reflecting financial details of the Parish can be distorted by water or pests. Malicious individuals can take advantage of such a situation to commit fraud.With the proposed system, departmental management is easy. All Parish departments and the activities that revolve around the departments are well recorded and updated according ly. Groups in the Parish are as well better managed through the propose Integrated Parish Management solution. This is unlike the old system where a manager or Parish head has to physically interact with departmental heads to get the required information. The proposed solution offers a remedy for the mentioned departmental and group-related issues. Reports, which are of prime importance in as far as running of any organization is concerned, are automatically generated by the Proposed Integrated Parish management Software.For instance, financial transactions by the Parish according to the respective dates, Parish activities according to the date of occurrence etc. can be automatically generated with the proposed Solution. This eradicates the fatigue associated with going for long times through documents and files trying to compile a report that would differently be generated within a blink of an eye with the proposed system. Keeping track of members of the Parish would fairly easy w ith the proposed system. Records of old and new members would kept and made easy to retrieve.New converts would also be part of the data that would be maintained and made easy to access and modify in case of secession of a member from the church. This way, the Parish would manage its members better than using the manual register system.Literature reviewTime scheduleAll the components and work packages of this project will take triad weeksto accomplish. Following the approval of this proposal, the table below summarizes the different phases and timelines of the various aspects of the project to be executed within time and on budget Methodology

Comparing the Electoral and Party Systems of China and Russia Essay

The collapse of the international socialist network changed the world at the turn of the century. The failure of the many socialist regimes ended the confrontation surrounded by East and West and provided an opportunity to restructure the international order. The individual states of East Asia, Central and Eastern Europe, China and the former Soviet Federal took differing paths and chose differing restructuring strategies, which themselves led to diametrical courses of transformation.The former hard-line socialist regimes of Russia and China had to face the ch totallyenges brought by the new world order specifically on altering its semi policy-making structures. This paper would equation the government and politics of China and Russia foc utilize on the electoral laws and their impacts on the party organization. Moreover, this would try to recommend many possible measures to ensure the development of nation for both countries and to address some of their problems. Russia is a vast kingdom with an imperial and authoritarian past.By argona, Russia is the largest country in the world, almost twice the size of the united States. The population includes numerous minorities, with 36 national groups containing more than 100,000 people, Russias rulers have in the past been autocratic empire builders, basing their imperial expansion on harbor of the serf society and a rural community. Russias experience in communism represented a culmination of a authoritarianism. The Union Soviet collectivised Republics encompassing 15 European and Asian Republics, formed the former Russian Empire.The politics of Russia take place in a framework of a federal presidential republic. According to the Constitution of Russia, the hot seat of Russia is head of state, and of a multi-party system with executive occasion exercised by the government, headed by the Prime Minister, who is appointed by the President by the parliaments approbation. Legislative power is vested in the tw o chambers of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, while the President and the government extend numerous legally binding by-laws.Although Russia has traditionally been ruled by absolute monarchs and dictators, it currently has a democratic system of government. Since gaining its independence with the collapse of the Soviet Union at the end of 1991, Russia has faced serious challenges in its efforts to forge a governmental system to follow nearly seventy-five years of Soviet rule. With a new constitution and a new parliament representing diverse parties and factions, Russias political structure subsequently showed signs of stabilization.As the transition period extended into the mid-1990s, the power of the national government continued to wane as Russias regions gained political and economic concessions from Moscow. Although the struggle between executive and legislative branches was partially resolved by the new constitution, the two branches continued to represent fun damentally opposing visions of Russias future. One of the worlds oldest civilization consisting states and cultures dating back thousands of years past is China. It is a cultural region, ancient civilization, and nation in East Asia.The deadlock of the last Chinese Civil War has resulted in two political entities victimisation the name China the large numbers Republic of China (PRC), administering mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macau and the Republic of China (ROC), administering Taiwan and its surrounding islands. It has the worlds longest continuously apply written language system, and the source of some of the worlds great inventions including paper, compass, gunpowder, and printing. The flocks Republic of China is working within the framework of a single-party socialist republic.The will of Chinese citizens is expressed through the legislative bodies of the Peoples Congress system. Peoples Congress members at the county level be elective by voters. These county level Peop les Congresses have the responsibility of oversight of local government, and elect members to the Provincial Peoples Congress. The provincial Peoples Congress in turn elects members to the National Peoples Congress that meets to each one year in March in Beijing. Current political concerns in China include lessening the growing gap between rich and poor, and fighting corruption within the government leadership.The support that the Communist companionship of China has among the Chinese population in general is unclear because national elections ar mostly CPC dominated, as there are no opposition political parties and independent candidates elected into office are too scattered and disorganized to challenge CPC rule. According to Hague and Harrop, Party systems are the interaction between the significant political parties. In a democracy, parties respond to each others initiatives in a competitive interplay.The party system also reflects legal regulation applying to all parties. In China, a prevailing party system is in place wherein one party is a constant component of the executive, governing either wholly or in coalition. The dominant party system was more common in the twentieth century than it is today and China is one rare example. The dominant party of the PRC is the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The leadership of the CCP is enshrined in the PRC Constitution. State power within the PRC is exercised through the CCP, the Central Peoples Government and their provincial and local counterparts.Under the dual leadership system, each local bureau or office is under the theoretically co-equal liberty of the local leader and the leader of the corresponding office, bureau or ministry at the next higher level. The ruling Communist Party committee at each level plays a large role in the selection of appropriate candidates for election to the local congress and to the next higher level. China is a country that accepts involvement from multiple political partie s. Apart from the CPC, the ruling party, there are eight political parties.They are China Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang, China classless League, China Democratic National Construction Association, China Association for the Promotion of Democracy, Chinese Peasants and Workers Democratic Party, China Zhi Gong Dang, Jiusan Society, and the Taiwan Democratic Self-government League. to the highest degree of them were founded during the anti-Japanese war and the national liberation war. They support the political leadership of the CPC, which has become their historical choice during the long years of cooperation with the CPC and through common struggles.Although there are other political parties present in China, these parties are non opposition parties, but parties participating in the discussion and administration of State affairs. Moreover, these parties serve to subscribe CCPs policies. Meanwhile, Russia is working on a multi-party system wherein the legislature compri ses several minority parties, resulting in coalitions or minority government by the leading party. The multi-party system in Russia resulted to the rise of not just one political party unlike the case of China.Although, United Russia occupies the majority seats of the Duma, the seats obtained by the Russian Communist Party, as well as other parties, are significant in producing checks and balances to the Russian Assembly. Electoral systems were made to answer the question of how to convert votes into seats. In elections to the legislature, the main questions is whether an electoral system ensures that the seats obtained by a party are directly proportional to the votes received (Hague and Harrop 146).In China, the people do not directly elect delegates for the National Peoples Congress (NPC). China practices democratic centralism wherein direct democracy is only practiced at the local levels and the elected delegates in the local peoples congresses in turn elect their representative at the NPC. Delegates for the local peoples congresses are elected using the first-past-the-post system (FPTP). FPTP is a type of non-proportional system wherein parties are not rewarded in proportion to the share of the votes obtained.Specifically, FPTP takes the plurality form of non-proportional representation where a candidate only needs a plurality of votes to win a seat and a majority of votes is not required. In Russia, seats in the Duma were formerly elected fractional by proportional representation (with at least 5% of the vote to qualify for seats) and half by single member districts. However, President Putin passed a commandment that all seats are to be elected by proportional representation (with at least 7% of the vote to qualify for seats) to take case in the December 2007 elections.Particularly, Russia is adapting the list system to confer delegates for the Duma. The list system is the most common method of proportional representation in which parties submit a lis t of their candidates and then the votes they obtain determines the percent of seats they get. In proportional representation, the goal is to represent parties rather than territories. For China, the adoption of the list system is recommended to develop a genuine opposition party. For many decades now, the rule of the CCP did not face any significant challenger in China.There have also been secessionist movements due to some ethnic and cultural cleavages such as the Tibetans who are lobbying from independence from China. The adoption of the list system would allow the voice of the minority to be heard in the NPC thus ensuring the democratic rights of the people. It will also make China less prone to violence, just like what happened in the Tiananmen Massacre were students on protest were promiscuous fired by Chinese military, since grievances can be acknowledge in government institutions such as the NPC.It is necessary to abolish democratic centralism since government processes are easily manipulated by local bureaucrats to advance their own selfish gains. Political reform in China is a matter of unsolveding the nominally open elections to other political parties. For Russia, the current electoral system is well on its way to democratize the Russian political system. However, the recent decree of Putin would make it serious for smaller parties to obtain a seat in the Duma.Seven percent is such a high threshold and may cause the marginalization of the smaller parties and the domination of the more established ones. A lower threshold is hereby recommended and that Putins decree for the December 2007 elections should be repealed because it is a hindrance for the continuous democratisation of Russia. These formerly hard-line socialist regimes have adopted measures to cope up with the new international order. However, not both were able to give way to democratisation due to the electoral and party systems that they adapted.

Digital Communication Essay

1. It is fast and easier. 2. No paper is counterbalanced. 3. The messages cornerstone be stored in the device for longer clips, without being damaged, unlike paper files that easily circumvent damages or attacked by insects. 4. digital parley flush toilet be done over large distances finished internet and other things. 5. It is comparatively cheaper and the browse which requires a lot of wad can be done simply by one person as folders and other such(prenominal) facilities can be maintained. 6. It removes semantic barriers because the written selective knowledge can be easily chaned to different languages using softw ar. 7. It provides facilities like video conferencing which save a lot of time, money and effort.1.Circutary fits simpler than AC. 2.Highly resistive to noise as we atomic number 18 dealing with binary program digits. 3.Highly secure. 4.Can travel long distances and can store data for long time. 5.AS we have regenerative repeaters & reconstruction filters in the murderer section we can extract original intercommunicate pointted 6. Error correcting and detecting is easy.7. A comman format is used for different kind of message sign up such as speech signal and video signal. 8. Flexibility in configuring digital communication. digital hardware implimentation is flexible and permit the use of LSI. microprocessors anmd digital switches.Disadvantages1. It is fallible as the messages cannot be recognised by signatures. Though software can be developed for this, yet the software can be easily hacked. 2. Sometimes, the quickness of digital communication is harmful as messages can be sent with the click of a mouse. The person does not think and sends the message at an impulse. 3. Digital intercourse has completely ignored the human touch. A personal touch cannot be handed because all the computers will have the same font 4. The origination of Digital Communication causes degradation of the environment in any(prenominal) cases. Electron ic waste is an example. The vibes discontinuen out by the tele anticipate and cell phone towers are so strong that they can kill small birds. In fact the common sparrow has vanished due to so umteen towers coming up as the vibrations hit them on the head.5. Digital Communication has made the full-varlet word to be an office. The people carry their work to places where they are supposed to relax. The whole world has been made into an office. Even in the office, digital communication causes problems because personal messages can come on your cell phone, internet, etc. 6. Many people disparage the efficiency of Digital Communication. The sending of hoax messages, the usage by people to harm the society, etc cause harm to the society on the whole. What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Digital Communication Definition of Digital A method of storing, processing and transmitting data through the use of distinct electronic or optical pulses that represent the binary digits 0 an d1. Advantages of Digital Less expensiveMore reliableEasy to manipulateFlexibleCompatibility with other digital systemsOnly digitised information can be transported through a noisy channel without degradation Integrated networksDisadvantages of Digital Sampling ErrorDigital communications require greater bandwidth than analogue to transmit the same information. The detection of digital signals requires the communications system to be synchronised, whereas generally speaking this is not the case with analogue systems. 1.The first advantage of digital communication against anlog is its noise immunity.In any transmission path some unwanted voltage or noise is always present which cannot be eliminated fully.when signal is catching this noise gets added to the original signal causing the distortion of the signal. except in a digital communication at the receiving end this additive noise can be eliminated to great extent easily resulting in better recovery of actual signal.Incase of anal og communication its difficult to remove the noise once added to the signal. 2.security is some other priority of messaging services in modern days.Digital communication provides better security to messages than the analog communication.It can be achieved through various coding techniques procurable in digital communication.3.in a digital communication the signal is digitised to a stream of 0 s and 1 s.So at the receiver side a simple decision has to me made whether received signal is a 0 or a 1.Accordingly the receiver circuit becomes simpler as compared to the analog receiver circuit. 4.Signal when traveling through its transmission path gets faded gradually.So on its path it needs to be reconstructed to its actual form and re-transmitted many times.For that reason AMPLIFIERS are used for analog communication and REPEATERS are used in digital communication.amplifiers are needed every 2 to 3 Kms obscure where as repeaters are neede every 5 to 6 Kms apart.So definitely digital c ommunication is cheaper.Amplifiers as well as often add non- getarities that distort the actual signal.5.Bandwidth is another barely resource.Various Digital communication techniques are available that use the available babdwidth much efficiently than analog communication techniques. 6.when audio and video signals are transmitted digitally an AD(Analog to Digital) converter is needed at tansmitting side and a DA(Digital to Analog) converter is again needed at receiver side.While transmitted in analog communication these devices are not needed. 7.Digital signals are often an approximation of the analog data(like voice or video) that is obtained through a process called quantisation.The digital representation is never the exact signal just its most closely approximated digital form.So its accuracy depends on the degree of approximation taken in quantisation process. .That not everyone has approach shot to these sites.not everyone can use these sites.you can never trust sites like this because you dont know who or were the person is reading your message fond networking is the process of catching friends and of managing friendships through the internet. People who wish to meet others on line put up their most compelling and attractive presentations through their profile pages. They join mathematical groups and communicate with others by commenting on topics or by introducing topics that hope to advocate discussion. The advantages are endless. A person can protect privacy by putting up fix addresses, birthdates, addresses and symbolic images, making the profile private and for friends only. Privacy is ensured by exercising caution when posting personal and biographical information and photos. The amount of personal data that is made available should be highly customizable, or it is best to find a site that provides better privacy features. The disadvantages are also endless. Social networking sites can sell your personal information to anyone who wants to buy it, including spammers and on line predators.Even if the terms of catch claim that no personal information will be sold, the site can change its policy at any time. If blogs or other original content is published at a site, the site can take over copyright privileges in unlimited ways. Few writers, artists and musicians are aware of this and forget to read the terms of understanding in order to find out what can happen to their works. True identity is never known unless people meet in person. While it is a romance that, without body language, a persons behavior and personality can never be understood, there is never a way to get a persons complete behavior and personality profile strictly through on line interaction.There are too many people on line and in well-disposed networking sites. The tendency is to head for the biggest party, but the biggest party is also the most challenging place for conversation that leads to more understanding and more dark-fruited interactions. It is daunting and time consuming, but the best way to find people is through the forums and groups. The most dangerous people are the sparky and extroverted personas who want to become an instant best friend to total strangers. There is too much relentless and suspicious pressure from some who wish to enforce their demands for personal information on others.They make one good point, which is that it is creepy to have a person show up in a group or to come in inviting people to be friends when they have an empty Social networking is the process of finding friends and of managing friendships through the internet. People who wish to meet others on line put up their most compelling and attractive presentations through their profile pages. They join groups and communicate with others by commenting on topics or by introducing topics that hope to encourage discussion.The disadvantages are also endless. Social networking sites can sell your personal information to anyone who wants to bu y it, including spammers and on line predators. Even if the terms of understanding claim that no personal information will be sold, the site can change its policy at any time.If blogs or other original content is published at a site, the site can take over copyright privileges in unlimited ways. Few writers, artists and musicians are aware of this and forget to read the terms of understanding in order to find out what can happen to their works.True identity is never known unless people meet in person. While it is a myth that, without body language, a persons behavior and personality can never be understood, there is never a way to get a persons complete behavior and personality profile strictly through on line interaction.There are too many people on line and in social networking sites. The tendency is to head for the biggest party, but the biggest party is also the most challenging place for conversation that leads to more understanding and more fruitful interactions. It is dauntin g and time consuming, but the best way to find people is through the forums and groups. The most dangerous people are the sparky and outgoing personas who want to become an instant best friend to total strangers.There is too much relentless and suspicious pressure from some who wish to impose their demands for personal information on others. They make one good point, which is that it is creepy to have a person show up in a group or to start inviting people to be friends when they have an empty or hidden profile.There is a happy medium where limited and safe information can be put up, but there can be far too much manipulation and aggression involved with getting others to give up age, location, real photos and far too much detail about themselves in public profiles.It is sad when a group holds an in-person event or meeting and only some members can travel or pay for a trip to meet everyone. This happens in the best and most well founded groups, but creates a rift between those who h ave met in real life and those who have to confine their interaction to the group posts.In summary, there are dangers, irritants, untrustworthy processes, such as selling registration information, and there are untrustworthy people who are active in social networking. The savvy social networker takes time to establish solid friendships and memberships in groups, has a skeptical mind, and holds back when prompted to give up too much personal information or to interact with total strangers.1. addicting and waste of time.2. cyber trolls and cyber threats.3. can disturb your real social life.4. noneducational5. much radiation from computer masks.Social networking sites have become exceedingly popular in recent years. This increase popularity has caused concern among many parents about how these sites are affecting their fryren.Parents are becoming aware of many disadvantages of social networking sites including their affect on a childs ability to concentrate. Constant online communica tion affects children, making it difficult for them to communicate and concentrate when away from the screen. It is, therefore, important for parents to monitor their childrens online social interactions and place a time limit on how long they can spend on the computer. Notable among the disadvantages of social networking sites is the presence of cyber bullying.Parents should monitor their childrens online social interactions to prevent them from becoming victims of cyber bullying. Social networking can affect children negatively if they are inadvertently dragged into some sort of cyber bullying, which may lead to teen suicides. Social networking affects children to the extent that social networks sometimes encourage interpersonal relations that are unrealistic. A childs online interactions with people who could influence them in a negative manner may expose them to kind of serious threats and potential dangers.Sometimes a childs online social interactions may not be appropriate. T he luxury of hiding behind a screen where they are unknown gives them the opportunity to say anything. This freedom could result in fights or online bullying. Despite their disadvantages, social networking sites have many advantages. Children may make some good friends online, become more aware of current affairs, and get career guidance. A childs online social interactions, if properly monitored, can be expert to their career and life. Social networking affects communication among children, which can be both positive and negative. The disadvantages of social networking sites can be offset by having some kind of architectural plan in place where parents can supervise their childs Internet activities. Children should be educated about how online communication affects them and about the negative effects their online social interactions may have.Advantages* Social skills. Facebook allows kids to keep up with current friends and make new ones. When used in the right way, social media can increase a childs self-esteem and help them feel less isolated. * Self- submition. A Facebook page gives a child their own home page on the web, where they can express themselves and talk about their interests. They can join groups and support fan pages, and find out what other people are interested in. * Digital competence. Managing a Facebook page teaches a child how to post comments and photos, and how to navigate the web. Having good online social media skills will be increasingly important as they get older. * Educational development. A mass of tweens and teens use social networking to discuss school work. Shared discussions about school assignments is one of the best reasons to allow access to social networks.Disadvantages* Kids can be mean. However much you school your child on the right way to behave online, you cannot stop other children from posting mean comments. * A Facebook account is a entre to the whole Internet. Its impossible to isolate a Facebook account from the rest of the Internet links and click-through ads are everywhere. If you think your child is too young to search the Internet or cannot be trusted to remain within the Facebook environment, then a Facebook account is a bad idea. * Beware of friends of friends. Often times its not your childs friends that are the problem, its friends of friends. When your child accepts a friend request, make sure you check out their page and their list of friends. (If you are friends with your child, you need to be careful with your page too)

Nursing and Mrs. Newman

Mrs. Newman has been experiencing hoarseness and a change in her join, but she did not seek medical exam help until she began to have difficulty swallowing. After creation seen by her healthcare provider, she is scheduled for outpatient mental process for a direct laryngoscope to obtain a culture and become a biopsy. Mrs. Newman arrives at the outpatient surgical department at 630 am and is escorted to her room. The admitting nanny begins her assessment 1. Which research is most important for the maintain to invite Mrs. Newman? A) Have you had anything to eat or drink since midnight?B) Are you taking any medications? C) Have you smoked any cigarettes in the last 24 hours? D) When was the last clip you drank any alcohol? The entree shelter completes the admission assessment and starts an IV. Mrs. Newman is progenyn to the operating room for the biopsy. Sifter the procedure, Mrs. Newman is admitted into the PACU. 2. Which preventative leave the PACU nurse im throwt grad uation? A) bound the healthcare providers prescriptions B) Monitors Mrs. Newmans pulse OX C) Contain Mrs. Newmans vital signs D) Assess Mrs. Newmans gag reflex After 2 days Mrs.Newman calls the oncologist and reluctantly agrees to a score laryngectomy. Mrs. Newman comes to the oncology office to meet with the oncology nurse specializations to discuss the preoperative and postoperative care. Mrs. Newman tells them that she is very scared nigh having this surgery. She says that she has no questions more or less the medical aspects of the procedure, but states she is have-to doe with well-nigh how her life pass on change. She tells the nurse she realizes she need to have the surgery but is ambivalent and doesnt know is she pull up stakes be able to go through with it after all. . Which nursing intervention is most helpful to mars Newman? A) Refer mars Newman to a psychologist to discuss her fears virtually having this surgery B) Give Mrs. Newman literature provided by the Amer ican cancer society C) Ask Mrs. Newman if she would like to talk to some unmatchable who has had this surgery D) Tell Mrs. Newman iota is OK to be scared and hold her falls Mrs. Newman is concerned about singing in the coun set about and western club and asks the ONS how long do you think it will be before I can sing with my batch again 4. How should the ONS RESPOND?A) Request that the oncologist vi seat with Mrs. Newman and explain the procedure to her again B) Explain that her vocal cords will be removed, and that she will not be able to sing C) Reassure her that she will be able to sing with the band, but her voice may be different D) Ask Mrs. Newman if she understands what a total laryngectomy is The ONS has given verbal and written information to Mrs Newman answered any questions and is completing the physical assessment 5. Which question is important for the nurse to ask Mrs. Newman?A) When did you first notice any hoarseness in your voice? B) How long did you say have you been singing w/the band? C) How much alcohol do u drink a week? D) What foods are difficult for you to wallow? Mrs. Newman reports that she drinks occasionally, mainly on the weekends with friends. The nurse is more concerned that Ms Newman smokes one pack of cigarettes a day. She discusses this issue with mars Newman, who says Dont nark about my smoking. I will never smoke some otherwise cigarette again 6. How should the nurse respond to help Mrs.Newman in her attempt to stop smoking? A) I know it will be hard and I am very proud of u B) You will kit be able to smoke after urn surgery C) anyone else in urn household smoke D) What locomote is u going to exact to stop smoking? Mrs. Newman discusses the surgery with her family and a woman from a laryngectomy support group. Mrs. Newman decides to go ahead and he a total larygectomy. 7. A referral to which member of the indiciplinary team will be most important for mars Newman prior to surgery A) Case mangerB) Social worker C) Phys ical therapist D) Speech therapist The speech therapist discusses with mars Newman alternative tech inquest for restoring her speech after surgery. Selection of the best techniques varies from person to person depending on their age and personal preferences. Esophageal speech is popular among laryngectomies because it costs less and can provide a more everyday sounding voice than some of the other options. 8. Which statement describes esophageal speech?A) Generator held to the neck creates vibrations those form words when the customer speaks B) Swallowed telephone circuit employ to create around and words in a controlled belch C) Vibration and sound are used to form words by occluding a valve over the stomate D) A handheld device delivers impression via a plastic tube that is inserted into the mouth After discussing her options with a speech therapist mars Newman demonstrates her ability to use esophageal speech she comments I used to hear my son and his friends rack like thi s. Wont he be surprised? Two days later, mars Newman is admitted to the hospital accompanied by her husband and her two grown children.She is in the preoperative holding area. 9. Which interventions will the nurse carry through? A) ask mars Newman if she has any concerns about the upcoming surgery B) Notify the surgeon that mars Newman has been admitted to the hospital C) Reassure mars Newman that her family can stay with her until surgery D) Retrained if mars Newman has any problems hearing or writing Mrs. Newman shares with the nurse that she is scared that no one will help her if she needs help and that she will not be able to talk anymore. 10. Which intervention should the nurse implement? A) Assure Mrs.Newman that someone will be with her at all times B) Provide a bell that she can ring as another factor of communication C) Show her how to work the nurses call light and have her perform a return demonstration D) Tell her that whiles her fears are justified she should not try to worry. Following a seven hour surgery mars Newman was first placed in the PACU, before macrocosm transferred to the intensive care unit. 11. Which nursing intervention should the ICU nurse implement? A) Discourage coughing for the first 24 hrs B) Notify the healthcare provider during roundsC) Determine when mars Newman trustworthy her last antibiotic drug D) Assist mars Newman to gargle w/warm salty water The nurse is completing the shift assessment and notes that Mrs. Newman has white and dark brown uneven areas on her tongue and oral mucosa. 12. Which action should the nurse implement? A) Document this finding and assume no action B) Notify the health care provider during rounds C) Determine when Mrs. Newman received her last antibiotic D) Assist Mrs. Newman to gargle with warm water, salty water Because of the cancer mars Newman is at risk for potential complications, such(prenominal) as neck would fistula and carotid arty blowout 13.When anticipating these possible compl ications, the nurse should place which equipment at miss newness bedside? A) Several packages of sterile 44 netting B) Two non sterile hemostats C) A syringe filled w/calcium glaciate D) The intensive care unit crash cart period assessing mars Newman, the nurse notices that Mrs. Newmans blood pressure is 92/60 and her pulse is 112. Mrs. Newman reports feeling very tired. 14 What action should the nurse implement first? A) Check mars Newmans pervious vital signs B) Suction mars Newman tracheostomy C) Administer oxygen via nasal cannula D) Slip a gloved hand under the clients neckThe nurse also calls the nurses station and requests a CBC stat 15 which laboratory result consistent w/blood termination through hemorrhaging A) A hematocrit 40 % B) Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 8 mm/hr C) Red blood cell count 5. 2 million/mm3 D) Hemoglobin 11. 3g/dl. Mrs. Newmans gag reflex has returned and she is preparing to eat her first meal. 16 which action should the nurse implement A) Place ratt y packs around the clients neck prior to eating B) Remind her to place the food on the front of the tongue and flex her head backward to swallow C) witness the client has a variety of thin liquids to drink D) Provide Mrs.Newman with soft foods when eating for the first time after surgery 17. What action should the nurse take regarding Mrs. Newmans concern? A) Explain to the client that this is normal following this type of surgery B) He the client smell a variety of aromas to ensure that the client cannot smell C) Reassure he client that these senses will return after post-operative edema subsides D) Notify the healthcare provider about these findings when making rounds Mrs.Newman has a tracheotomy that has an inner canola. The nurse is performing routine tracheotomy care 18 Which action should the nurse implement first? A) wash the flange of the outer cannula with normal saline B) Pour hydrogen hydrogen peroxide and normal saline into separate containers C) Cleanse the inner cannu la using a small pipe brush D) call for the tracheotomy dressing with clean disposable gloves What should the nurse do before inserting the inner canola? A) Tap or shake inner cannula to remove excess moistureB) alter the outside of the inner cannula with non sterile gauze C) Remove the outer cannula, reinsert the inner cannula, then place back into stoma D) Clean it w/hydrogen peroxide An unlicensed assistive personnel UAP is assisting the surgical floor nurse w/morning care for mars Newman 20. Which task should the nurse delegate to the UAP? A) Empty the Foley and say the output B) Clean Mrs. Newmans bathroom C) Change the intravenous substructure on the pump D) Perform the routine tracheotomy careThe charge nurse notices that the special nurse caring for mars Newman is cutting 44 gauze to use as a tracheotomy dressing 21. What action should the charge nurse implant? A) Praise the primary nurse for using a cost saving technique B) Instruct the primary nurse not to cut gauze f or the tracheotomy dressing C) Take no action since Mrs. Newman is the primary nurses responsibility D) Determine why commercially prepared dressings arent being used The night nurse is preparing to administer the 1200 midnight dose of gentamicin, an intravenous amino glycoside antibiotic that was started when Mrs.Newman was in the PACU. The nurse notices the empty IV antibiotic bag that was administered during the day shift is labeled ampicilllin. The nurse checks the medication administration record and realizes client does not have a prescription for ampicillin. 22. Which action should the night nurse implement? A) Notify the pharmacist about the medication error B) Complete a medication error report c) Call the day nurse to determine what occurred D) Asses Mrs. Newmans white blood cell count WBC The next time the nurse enters Mrs. Newman room Mrs.Newman writes on the communication inboard is there something scathe? I heard someone in the hall say something about me receiving th e wrong medication? 23. How should the nurse respond? A) Please dont worry about anything. I am sorry you overheard that conversation B) No Mrs. Newman you did not receive the wrong medication C) C) You are concerned that you might have received the wrong medication D) you were supposed to receive gentamcin but you received ampicillin 24. Which intervention should the nurse provide to Mrs. Newman?A) usher in a suction tube into the stoma while applying suction, the remove while twisting the tube B) Take a thick breath, occlude the tracheotomy with urn finger cough and remove your finger C) Insert a small amount of sterile normal saline into the stoma and cough in a normal manner D) Take a deep broth in through the nose, cough and expel the secretions through the tracheostomy The nurse is discussing activities of daily living with Mrs. Newman. Which instruction should the nurse include? A) Caution Mrs. Newman to take only tub baths B) Encourage Mrs.Newman to use aerosol deodorants C) Advise Mrs. Newman not to wear any types of perfumes D) Explain the need to wear a plastic booze when showing 26. Which intervention has highest priority to discharge? A) encourage the client to wear attractive coverings over stoma B) Ensure that Mrs. Newman carries a special identification loosen C) Stress the importance of returning to as normal a lifestyle as possible D) Discuss the importance of attending support group meetings Mrs. Newman is being discharged home today after five days in the hospital.Mr. Newman stops the nurse in the hallway and says that he is really scared about taking his wife home 27 what is the best response by the nurse? A) Have you discussed your fears w/ur wife B) It sounds like you cant take care of her C) I know this must be very scary but u and ur wife are strong D) Lets sit down and discuss what u are worried about Mr. Newman hesitantly shares with the nurse that he is afraid to touch his wife How should the nurse respond? A) Would u like to ta lk to your wifes doctor, I can call him for u?B) You can touch ur wife all u want, u will not hurt her C) You are worried about touching ur wife but she needs ur support right now D) Tell me more about what you mean by touching ur wife A home healthcare nurse has been assigned to care for Mrs. Newman and is making the initial visit. After completing the admission assessment the home healthcare nurse develops a nursing care plan for Mrs. Newman 29 of the nursing diagnosis included in Mrs. Newmans careplan, which one has the highest priority? A) Deficient of knowledge B) Anticipatory grievingC) Ineffective airway clearance D) Impaired verbal communication Then home healthcare nurse is discussing the plan of care with Mrs. Newman and her husband, she instructs them to keep the rooms humidified at all times. Mr. Newman asks why this is important. 30. Which explanation should the nurse provide? A) It will decrease the amt of foreign material that enters the stoma B) Humidified air decrea ses the need for oral fluids C) Humidified air will keep mucous membranes and secretions moist D) The lower airway responsible for humidification was removed during surgery

International Journal of Accounting and Financial Essay

ABSTRACTThe role of Indian interchangeable pedigree application as significant financial service in financial marketplace has really been noteworthy. In fact, the vernacular pedigree manufacturing has emerged as an important segment of financial market of India, oddly in channelizing the deliverances of millions of individuals into the enthronement in equity and debt instruments. joint cash in hand ar seemingly the easiest and the least stressful way to seat in the line of powering market. Quiet a large amount of cash has been invested in plebeian finances during the past few geezerhood. Any investor would like to invest in a reputed reciprocal Fund organization. mutual specie atomic number 18 financial intermediaries concerned with mobilizing savings of those who cook surplus and the canalization of these savings in those avenues where there is a demand for capital.These intermediaries employ their resources in such(prenominal) a manner as to provide comb ined benefits of low risk, steady return, high liquidity and capital range with diversification and expert management. Reforms in theIndian economic system and the opening up of the economy take up been the reasons for the tremendous ripening in the Indian capital market. This record analyzes the impact of different demographic variables on the attitude of investors towards mutual halcyon. Apart from this, it in like manner focuses on the benefits delivered by mutual livestocks to investors. To this end, two hundred respondents of Solapur City, having different demographic profiles were opinioned. The say reveals that the majority of investors have still not formed any attitude towards mutual ances rise investments.KEYWORDS interchangeable Fund, Investors, Solapur City gatewayMutual computer memory is a pussy of ancestrys placid from investors and is invested according to certain investment options. A mutual fund is a trust that pools the saving of a no. of invest ors who sh ar a common financial goal. A mutual fund is created when investors put their silver together. It is, therefore, a pool of investors fund. The money thus collected is then invested in capital market instruments such as shares, debentures and other securities. The income earned through these investments and the capital appreciations realized are share by its unit holders in proportion to the no. of units owned by them. The most important characteristics of a fund are that the contributors and the beneficiaries of the fund are the alike course of instruction of race namely the investors.The term mutual fund means the investors contribute to the pool and to a fault benefit from the pool. The pool of funds held mutually by investors is the mutual fund. A mutual fund business is to invest the funds thus collected according to the wishes of the investors who created the pool. Usually the investors appoint professional investment managers create a product and offer it for i nvestment to the investors. This project represents a share in the pool and pre status investmentPritam P. Kothari & Shivganga C. Mindargiobjectives. Thus, a mutual fund is the most commensurate investment for a common man as it offers an opportunity to invest in a alter, professionally managed basket of securities at relatively low cost.EVOLUTION OF INDIAN MUTUAL FUND INDUSTRYThe formation of Unit think of India marked the evolution of the Indian mutual fund industry in the year 1963. The direct objective at that time was to attract the small investors and it was do possible through the collective efforts of the G everywherenment of India and the Reserve fix of India. The history of mutual fund industry in India can be better understood divided into noticeing phasesEstablishment and Growth of Unit consecrate of India 1964-87Unit Trust of India enjoyed complete monopoly when it was established in the year 1963 by an act of Parliament. UTI was set up by the Reserve Bank of India and it continued to hold out under the regulatory control of the RBI until the two were de-linked in 1978 and the wide control was transferred in the pass of Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI). UTI launched its first project in 1964, named as Unit Scheme 1964 (US-64), which attracted the largest number of investors in any mavin investment scheme over the years.UTI launched more innovative schemes in mid- 7ties and 80s to suit the assumes of different investors. It launched ULIP in 1971, six more schemes between 1981-84, Childrens Gift Growth Fund and India Fund (Indias first seaward fund) in 1986, Mastershare (Inidas first equity diversified scheme) in 1987 and Monthly Income Schemes (offering assured returns) during 1990s. By the end of 1987, UTIs assets under management grew ten multiplication to Rs 6700 crores. Entry of Public Sector cash in hand 1987-1993The Indian mutual fund industry witnessed a number of public sector players entering the market in the year 1987. In November 1987, SBI Mutual Fund from the State Bank of India became the first non-UTI mutual fund in India. SBI Mutual Fund was later followed by Canbank Mutual Fund, LIC Mutual Fund, Indian Bank Mutual Fund, Bank of India Mutual Fund, GIC Mutual Fund and PNBMutual Fund. By 1993, the assets under management of the industry increased seven times to Rs. 47,004 crores. However, UTI remained to be the leader with intimately 80% market share. 1992-93UTIPublic SectorTotalAmountMobilised11,0571,96413,021Assets Under forethought38,2478,75747,004Mobilisation as % of rank Domestic Savings5.20%0.90%6.10%Emergence of Private Secor money 1993-96The permission given to private sector funds including foreign fund management companies (most of them entering through joint ventures with Indian promoters) to enter the mutal fund industry in 1993, provided a wide range of choice to investors and more competition in the industry. Private funds introduced innovative products, investment techniques and investor-servicing technology. By 1994-95, about 11 private sector funds had launched their schemes. Growth and SEBI Regulation 1996-2004The mutual fund industry witnessed robust growth and stricter regulation from the SEBI after the year 1996. The mobilization of funds and the number of players in operation(p) in the industry reached new heights as investors started showing more concern in mutual funds.A check of Investors Attitude towards Mutual Fund with Special book of facts to Inversotrs in Solapur CityInvestors touchs were safeguarded by SEBI and the Government offered tax income benefits to the investors in order to encourage them. SEBI (Mutual property) Regulations, 1996 was introduced by SEBI that set uniform standards for all mutual funds in India.The Union Budget in 1999 exempted all dividend incomes in the hands of investors from income tax. Various Investor Awareness Programmes were launched during this phase, both by SEBI and AMFI, with an objecti ve to educate investors and invent them informed about the mutual fund industry. Growth and Consolidation 2004 OnwardsThe industry has in like manner witnessed several mergers and acquisitions recently, examples of which are acquisition of schemes of Alliance Mutual Fund by Birla Sun Life, Sun F&C Mutual Fund and PNB Mutual Fund by Principal Mutual Fund. Simultaneously, more worldwide mutual fund players have entered India like Fidelity, Franklin Templeton Mutual Fund etc. There were 29 funds as at the end of March 2006.This is a continuing phase of growth of the industry through consolidation and entry of new international and private sector players. Indian mutual fund industry reached Rs 1,50,537 crore by March 2004. It is estimated that by 2010 March-end, the total assets of all scheduled commercial banks should be Rs 40,90,000 crore. The one-year composite rate of growth is expected 13.4% during the rest of the decade. In the last 5 years there is an yearly growth rate of 9 %. tally to the accredited growth rate, by year 2010, Mutual fundIndia assets will be doubleFEATURES THOSE INVESTORS LIKE IN MUTUAL FUNDIf mutual funds are emerging as the favorite investment vehicle it is because of the many advantages. They have over other forms and avenues of investing parties for the investors who has limited resources available in footing of Capital and ability to carry out detailed reserves and market monitoring. These are the major advantages offered by mutual fund to all investorsProfessional ManagementMutual Funds provide the services of experienced and skilled professionals, backed by a dedicated investment research team that analyses the performance and prospects of companies and selects suitable investments to achieve the objectives of the scheme.DiversificationMutual Funds invest in a number of companies across a broad cross-section of industries and sectors. This diversification reduces the risk because seldom do all stocks decline at the kindred t ime and in the same proportion. You achieve this diversification through a Mutual Fund with farther less money than you can do on your own. Convenient AdministrationInvesting in a Mutual Fund reduces paperwork and helps you avoid many problems such as bad deliveries, delayed payments and follow up with brokers and companies. Mutual Funds save your time and make investing easy and convenient.Return Potential everyplace a medium to recollective-term, Mutual Funds have the potential to provide a higher return as they invest in a diversified basket of selected securities.Pritam P. Kothari & Shivganga C. MindargiLow CostsMutual Funds are a relatively less expensive way to invest compared to directly investing in the capital markets because the benefits of scale in brokerage, custodial and other fees translate into lower costs for investors LiquidityIn open-end schemes, the investor gets the money back promptly at utmost asset value related prices from the Mutual Fund. In closed-end sc hemes, the units can be sold on a stock exchange at the prevailing market price or the investor can avail of the facility of direct repurchase at NAV related prices by the Mutual Fund TransparencyYou get weak information on the value of your investment in addition to divine revelation on the specific investments made by your scheme, the proportion invested in each class of assets and the fund managers investment strategy and outlookFlexibilityThrough features such as regular investment plans, regular withdrawal plans and dividend reinvestment plans, you can systematically invest or withdraw funds according to your needs and convenience AffordabilityInvestors individually may lack sufficient funds to invest in high-grade stocks. A mutual fund because of its large corpus allows even a small investor to take the benefit of its investment strategy. Well RegulatedAll Mutual Funds are registered with SEBI and they function within the provisions of strict regulations designed to protect t he interests of investors. The operations of Mutual Funds are regularly monitored by SEBI.DISADVANTAGES OF MUTUAL currencyAbove I have mentioned the respective(a) advantages of Mutual Funds but it also suffers from a lot of drawbacks as the market is volatile and it is ever abnormal by national as well as international factors, these days we can see that crude oil prices in International market has last an important factorin determining the market movement. Here are some disadvantages as cited by me and by surveyFluctuating ReturnsMutual funds are like many other investments without a guaranteed return there is always the possibility that the value of your mutual fund will depreciate. Unlike fixed-income products, such as bonds and Treasury bills, mutual funds experience price fluctuations along with the stocks that make up the fund. When deciding on a particular fund to buy, you need to research the risks involved practiced because a professional manager is looking after the fund, that doesnt mean the performance will be always high-pricedDiversificationAlthough diversification is one of the keys to successful investing, many mutual fund investors tend to over diversify. The idea of diversification is to reduce the risks associated with holding a single security over diversification (also known as diversification) occurs when investors acquire many funds that are super related and, as a result, dont getA Study of Investors Attitude towards Mutual Fund with Special Reference to Inversotrs in Solapur Citythe risk reducing benefits of diversification. At the other extreme, just because you own mutual funds doesnt mean you are automatically diversified. For example, a fund that invests only in a particular industry or region is still relatively risky. For example Sect oral FundsCash and More CashAs you know already, mutual funds pool money from thousands of investors, so everyday investors are putting money into the fund as well as withdrawing investments . To maintain liquidity and the capacity to accommodate withdrawals, funds typically have to keep a large portion of their portfolios as cash. Having ample cash is great for liquidity, but moneysitting around as cash is not working for you and thus is not very advantageous. CostsMutual funds provide investors with professional management, but it comes at a cost. Funds will typically have a range of different fees that reduce the overall payout. In mutual funds, the fees are classified into two categories shareholder fees and one-year operating fees. The shareholder fees, in the forms of loads and redemption fees are paid directly by shareholders purchasing or treating the funds. The annual fund operating fees are charged as an annual percentage normally ranging from 1-3%. These fees are assessed to mutual fund investors regardless of the performance of the fund. As you can imagine, in years when the fund doesnt make money, these fees only magnify losses.Figure 1 Structure of Mutu al FundA mutual is a set up in the form of trust, which has shit, trustee, assets management company (AMC) and custodian. Sponsor is the person who acts alone or in combination with another body corporate and establishes a mutual fund. Sponsor must contribute at least 40% of the net worth of the investment managed and meet the eligibility criteria prescribed under the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Mutual Funds) regulations, 1996. The sponsor is not responsible or liable for any loss or shortfall resulting from the operation of the schemes beyond the initial contribution made by it towards ambit up of Mutual Fund. The Mutual Fund is constituted as a trust in accordance with the provisions of the Indian Trusts Act, 1882 by the Sponsor.Trustee is usually a company (corporate body) or a board of trustees (body of individuals). The main responsibility of the trustee is to safeguard the interest of the unit holders and also ensure that AMC functions in the interest of investor s and in accordance with the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Mutual Fund) Regulations 1996 the provisions of the Trust deed and the offer Document of the respective schemes. The AMC is appointed by the TrusteesPritam P. Kothari & Shivganga C. Mindargias the investment handler of the Mutual Fund. The AMC is required to be approved by SEBI to act as an asset management company of the Mutual Fund. The AMC if so authorized by the Trust Deed appoints the Registrar and Transfer Agent to agent the mutual fund. The registrar processes the application form, redemption requests and dispatches account statements to the unit holders. The Registrar and Transfer agent also handles communications with investors and updates investor records.REVIEW OF LITERATURELenard et., al. (2003) empirically investigated investors attitudes toward mutual funds. The results indicate that the decision to switch funds within a fund family is affected by investors attitude towards risk, current asset alloca tion, investment losses, investment mix, capital base of the fund age, initial fund performance, investment mix, fund and portfolio diversification. The study account that these factors are crucial to be considered before switching funds regardless of whether they invest in non-employer plans or in both employer and non-employer plans. Bollen (2006) studied the dynamics of investor fund flows in a sample of socially screened equity mutual funds and compared the relation between annual fund flows & lagged performance in SR funds to the same relation in a matched sample of conventional funds.The result revealed that the extra-financial SR attribute serves to dampen the rate at which SR investors trade mutual funds. The study noted that the differences between SR funds and their conventional counterparts are robust over time and persist as funds age. The study plunge that the preferences of SR investors may be represented by conditional multi-attribute utility function (especially wh en SR funds deliver positive returns). The study remarked that mutual fund companies can expect SR investors to be more loyal than investors in ordinary funds. Walia and Kiran (2009) studied investors risk and return perception towards mutual funds. The study examined investors perception towards risk involved in mutual funds, return from mutual funds in comparison to other financial avenues, transparency and disclosure practices.The study investigatedproblems of investors encountered with due to unprofessional services of mutual funds. The study found that majority of individual investors doesnt consider mutual funds as highly risky investment. In fact on a ranking scale it is considered to be on higher side when compared with other financial avenues. The study also reported that significant relationship of interdependence exists between income train of investors and their perception for investment returns from mutual funds investment. Saini et., al. (2011) analyzed investors beha vior, investors opinion and perception relating to non-homogeneous issues like type of mutual fund scheme, its objective, role of financial advisors / brokers, sources of information, deficiencies in the provision of services, investors opinion relating to factors that attract them to invest in mutual and challenges before the Indian mutual fund industry etc.The study found that investors seek for liquidity, simplicity in offer documents, online trading, regular updates through SMS and stringent follow up of provisions laid by AMFI. Singh (2012) conducted an empirical study of Indian investors and notice that most of the respondents do not have much awareness about the various function of mutual funds and they are bit confused regarding investment in mutual funds. The study found that some demographic factors like gender, income and level of education have their significant impact over the attitude towards mutual funds. On the contrary age and occupation have not been found influe ncing the investors attitude. The study noticed that return potential and liquidity have been perceived to be most lucrative benefits of investment in mutual funds and the same are followed by flexibility, transparency and affordability.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMMutual funds have their drawbacks and may not be for everyone. No investment is risk free. If the entire stock market declines in value, the value of mutual fund shares will go down as well, no matter how balanced the portfolio.A Study of Investors Attitude towards Mutual Fund with Special Reference to Inversotrs in Solapur CityInvestors encounter fewer risks when they invest in mutual funds than when they buy and sell stocks on their own. However, anyone who invests through a mutual fund runs the risk of losing money. All funds charge administrative fees to cover their day-to-day expenses. Some funds also charge sales commissions or loads to compensate brokers, financial consultants, or financial planners. When he invests in a mutual fund, they depend on the funds manager to make the right decisions regarding the funds portfolio. If the invests in Index Funds, they foregoes management risk, because these funds do not employ managers. Though these are the problems in the investment of mutual funds, in the recent days most of the investors preferred to invest their funds on mutual funds. In this background, the research has made an attempt to study the investors preference for mutual funds in Solapur City.LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDYThe present study is base upon the results of survey conducted on 200 mutual fund investors. The implications of the study are subject to the limitations of sample size, psychological and emotional characteristics of surveyed population.SCOPE OF THE STUDYThis paper provides Future of Mutual Funds industry information as well as awareness level amongst people for Mutual Funds. Also this project report of Mutual Funds gives an outlook to management as to how the mutual funds are pe rforming in the current market situation as a result what may be the future of this industry. This paper on mutual funds is informative the students who ask to understand and undertake assignments in the industry. This study also facilitates the general people who can understand the importance and look for the new option for investment in Mutual Funds. Different financial institutions provide services that are both complementary to and competitive with each other. A well built financial system directly contributes to the growth of the country.RESEARCH METHODOLOGYThis study is descriptive in nature based on survey method. The study aims at finding out the attitude of the investors towards investment in mutual funds in Solapur city. This study was based mainly on primary sources. The primary data was collected from the investors of mutual funds with help of the mindnaire. The secondary data were collected from the books, records and journals. By adopting convenience sampling, 200 r espondents were selected for this study. The essential data were collected with the help of questionnaire. The data collected from the period of January 2011 to April 2011.DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONFigure 2 Showing Pattern of InvestmentPritam P. Kothari & Shivganga C. MindargiFrom above figure it is correct that 75% investors are invested in open ended schemes where as 15% invested in closed ended schemes in mutual fund.Figure 3 savvy for Investment in Mutual FundFrom above figure it is clear that and 42% investors scan that they invested money in mutual fund for tax assumption. 33% investors say that they invested money in mutual fund for higher returns. 16% investors say that they invested money in mutual fund for value creation in fund. 9% investors say that they invested money in mutual fund for other reason.Figure 4 Showing the Reason of Investors that not Invested Money in Mutual Fund From above figure is clear that 50% investors say that they not interested to invest money in mutual fund. 33% investors say that they have imperfect knowledge in mutual fund, so they are not invested. 8.5% investors say that they invested in govt. bond. 8.5% investors has other reason so they not invested money in mutual fund.Figure 5 Showing Type of Investment Investors Should be PreferredA Study of Investors Attitude towards Mutual Fund with Special Reference to Inversotrs in Solapur CityFrom above figure it is clear that investors invest money in fixed deposits. 15 25% investors invest money in gold/real estates. 17% investors invest money in mutual fund. 8% investors invest money in bond/debentures. Remaining 17% investors invest money in shares.Figure 6 Showing Returns Investor get from their InvestmentFrom above figure it is clear that 70% investors are gaining 5-15% returns from their investment. 23% are gaining 15-30% returns from their investment. 5% investors are gaining 30-45% returns from their investment. Remaining only 2% investors is gaining above 4 5% returns from their investment.Figure 7 Showing Duration of InvestmentFrom above it is clear 80% investors are dealings in short term duration whereas 20% investors are dealing in long term duration.Figure 8 Showing the Investors Experience in Mutual FundPritam P. Kothari & Shivganga C. MindargiFrom above figure it is clear that 73% investors say that they are having bad experience in mutual fund. 12% investors say that they are having good experience in mutual fund. Remaining 15% investors say that their experience is ok.FINDINGS AND SUGGESTIONSFindingsThe trend for investment is changing rapidly besides the traditional human body of investment and people today they are ready to undertake risk and also bear the volatility of changing mutual fund market scenario.This shows that people with Middle Income Group are more attractive this market and are ready to bear the risk.It is observed that 75% investors have invested open ended schemes that they want higher returns on their inv estment rather than investing in closed ended schemes in mutual fund.It is observed that 42% investors have invested money for tax assumption.33% investors have invested money for higher returns in their investment.16% investors have invested money for value creation in fund. And remaining 9% investors have invested money for other reason.It is observed that 50% investors have not interested to invest money in mutual fund.33% investors have imperfect knowledge so they not invested money in mutual fund.9% investors find govt. securities bond is better thats way they not invested money in mutual fund. And remaining 8% investors have other reason so they not invested money in mutual fund.It is observed that more businessmen were inclined towards investing in current account. The ladies were inclined to invest their money in Gold and jewelleries. Service class people and retired class people prefer more saving and fixed deposits People with high income.It is observed that 70% investors have invested to getting returns in the range of 5-15% which shows in short span of time they are getting good returns and more than expectations.It is observed that 80% investors have invested in short term duration which indicates the investors have not ready to invest in long term period due to various risks associated with long term duration of investment.On asking how they get knowledge of mutual fund a large number of them attributed to print media. Even banks today follow the role of the investment advisors. Very few get any information from the e-media or Hence, AMCs must increase the awareness about their product through electronic media (TVs, Cables, Radios etc.) as well as and should not just constrained itself to the print advertisement those who do not read newspaper.SUGGESTIONSInvestors organise of ViewThe question that entire customer, irrespective of the age group and financial status, think of is- Are mutual funds are a safe option? What makes them safe? The groun ding of mutual fund industrys safety is the way the business is defined and regulation of law. Since the mutual fund invests in the capital market instruments, so proper knowledge is essential. Hence the essential requirement is well informed seller and equally informed buyer whounderstands and helped them to understand the product (here we can say the capital market and the money market instruments) is the essential preconditions.A Study of Investors Attitude towards Mutual Fund with Special Reference to Inversotrs in Solapur City universe Prudent Investor One ShouldAsk ones agent to give details of different schemes and match the appropriate ones.Go to the company records or the fund house regarding any queries if one is not satisfied by the agents.Investors should always keep an eye on the performance of the scheme and other good schemes as well which are available in the market for the closed comparison.Never invest blindly in the investments before going through the fact sheets , annual reports etc. of the company. Since, according to theGuidelines of SEBIThe AMCs are bound to disclose all the relevant data that is necessary for the investment purpose of investors. Companys (Mutual Fund Companies) Point of ViewFollowing measures can be taken by the company for getting higher investments in the mutual fund schemesEducate the agents or the salesmen justly so that they can take up the queries of the customer effectively.Set up separate customer care divisions where the customers can anytime pose their query, regarding the scheme or the current NAV etc. These customer care units can work out in accordance with the requirements of the customer and facilitates them to choose the scheme that suits their financial status.Conduct seminars or programs about mutual fund where every information about the product is outlined including the risk factor associated with the different classes of assets.Brokers should reduce the brokerage charges for intra day and delivery based so that the investor can save more amounts to generate extra investment for the investor as well as for the Mutual Fund companies.Mutual Fund companies should try to increase the promotion and advertisement strategies for awareness of Mutual fund in solapur city.CONCLUSIONSThe mutual fund industry is growing at a tremendous pace. A large number of plans have come up from different financial resources. With the stock markets oaring the investors are attracted towards these schemes. Only a small segment of the investors still in Mutual Funds and the main sourcesources of information still are the financial advisors followed by advertisements in different media. The Indian investors generally invest over period of 2-3 years. Also there is a tendency to invest in fixed deposits due to the security attached to it. In order to excel and make mutual funds a success, companies still need to create awareness and understand the psyche of the Indian customer.REFERENCESAgapova, Anna, 2011 , The Role of Money Market Mutual Funds in Mutual Fund Families , Journal of Applied 1.Finance, Vol. 21, trim. 1, pp. 87-102.Agarwal, Vikas Boyson, Nicole M. Naik, Narayan Y, 2009, Hedge Funds for Retail Investors? An Examination of Hedged Mutual Funds , Journal of Financial & vicenary Analysis, Vol. 44, Issue 2, pp. 273-305. 2.12Pritam P. Kothari & Shivganga C. Mindargi3.A. Vennila, R. Nandhagopal(2012) Investors Preference towards Mutual Funds in Coimbatore City European Journal of Social Sciences ISSN 1450-2267 Vol.29 No.1 (2012), pp. 115-1254.Binod Kumar Singh (2011) A Study on Investors Attitude towards Mutual Funds as an Investment Option JOURNAL OF ASIAN BUSINESS STRATEGY, VOL. 1(2) 8-155.Badrinath, S.G & Gubellini, S, (2011), On the characteristics and performance of long-short, market-neutral and bear mutual funds , Journal of Banking & Finance, Vol. 35 Issue 7, pp.1762-1776. 6.Dranikoff L, Koller, T. and Schneider, A, Divestiture Strategys Missing Link, Harvard Business Review, May 2002, 80 (5).7.Dr.Nishi Sharma (2009) Indian Inverstors Perception towards mutual funds Business Management Dynamics Vol.2, No.2, Aug 2012, pp.01-098.Gil-Bazo, Javier Ruiz & Verd, Pablo, 2009, The sexual congress between Price and Performance in the Mutual Fund Industry , Journal of Finance, Vol. 64, Issue 5, pp. 2153-2183. 9.Hansen M and Nohria N, Whats your Strategy for Managing Knowledge? Harvard Business Review, MarchApril, 1999, 77 (2).110. Journal of Marketing, 32 (October), 65-68, 1968.11. Rajeswari, T.R., and V.E. RamaMoorthy, 2001, An Empirical Study on Factors Influencing the Mutual Fund Scheme Selection by Retail Investors . Retrieved on May 2010 http//www.utiicm .com/Cmc/PDFs/ 2001/rajeswari.pdf.12. Singh, Chander, 2004, Performance of mutual funds in India an empirical evidence , ICFAI journal of applied finance December, pp. 81-98.13. Subbash C. Jain, Marketing Planning and Strategy, South Western College Publishing, Sixth Edition, 2000. 14. Singh, B. K. and Jha, A.K. 2009, An empirical study on awareness & acceptability of mutual fund , Regional Student s Conference, ICWAI, pp. 49-55.15. Winer, C. Strategic Thinking An executive Perspective, Upper Saddle River, Prentice Hall, 2000